ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to investigate the tourism concept variable, tourism services and facilities and infrastructure affect the success variable of developing sustainable tourism destinations through moderating variables of tourist interest to visit. In this study, the independent variable is related to the development of sustainable tourism destinations, the variable is the concept of tourism, tourism services and facilities and infrastructure, while the dependent variable is the success in developing the concept of sustainable tourism, and the moderating variable is the interest of tourists to visit. The research method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive research method using path analysis. In this study the independent variables are related to factors related tothe development of sustainable tourism destinations, such as tourism concept variables, tourism services and facilities and infrastructure, the dependent variable is the success in developing the sustainable tourism concept, with moderating variable (connecting variable) tourist interest to visit, data analysis using AMOS 20, and data taken is data on the number of tourist visits to Indonesia during 2016-2020 years. Partially variable tourism concept, tourism services and infrastructure advice significant effect on the variable successful development of tourist destinations and has a significant effect on the variable of tourist interest in visiting 5 priority tourist destinations in Indonesia, while simultaneously the variable tourism concept, tourism services and infrastructure advice indirectly has a significant effect on the variable successful development of tourist destinationsthrough the interest of tourists to visit 5 priority tourist destinations in Indonesia. Through the results of research that has been stated that the success of developing tourist destinations depends on the concept of tourism, the tourist services and infrastructure offered are in accordance with the needs and desires of tourists, if the concept of tourism, tourism services and facilities and infrastructure offered are appropriate, then tourists will be motivated to continue to visit these tourist attractions.
ABSTRACT
One of potential inhibitors which is widely used for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 in comorbid patients is Angiostensin Converting Enzyme-1 (ACE1) inhibitor. A safer peptide-based ACE1 inhibitor derived from salmon skin collagen, that is considered as the by-product of the fish processing industry have been investigated in this study. The inhibitory activity against ACE1 was examined using in vitro and in silico methods. In vitro analysis includes the extraction of acid-soluble collagen, characterization using FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis, XRD, cytotoxicity assay, and determination of inhibition against ACE1. In silico method visualizes binding affinity, molecular interaction, and inhibition type of intact collagen and active peptides derived from collagen against ACE1 using molecular docking. The results of FTIR spectra detected amide functional groups (A, B, I, II, III) and imine proline/hydroxyproline, while the results of Raman displayed peak absorption of amide I, amide III, proline/hydroxyproline ring, phenylalanine, and protein backbone. Furthermore, UV-Vis spectra showed typical collagen absorption at 230 nm and based on XRD data, the chain types in the samples were α-helix. ACE1 inhibition activity was obtained in a concentration-dependent manner where the highest was 82.83% and 85.84% at concentrations of 1000, and 2000 µg/mL, respectively, and showed very low cytotoxicity at the concentration less than 1000 µg/mL. In silico study showed an interaction between ACE1 and collagen outside the active site with the affinity of - 213.89 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the active peptides of collagen displayed greater affinity compared to lisinopril, namely HF (His-Phe), WYT (Trp-Tyr-Thr), and WF (Trp-Phe) of - 11.52; - 10.22; - 9.58 kcal/mol, respectively. The salmon skin-derived collagen demonstrated ACE1 inhibition activity with a non-competitive inhibition mechanism. In contrast, the active peptides were predicted as potent competitive inhibitors against ACE1. This study indicated that valorization of fish by-product can lead to the production of a promising bioactive compound to treat COVID-19 patient with diabetic comorbid.